Abbott, Lyman, 45
The Evolution of
Christianity, 14
Aiello, Giuseppe, xi
Ambrose, Stephen, Band of
Brothers, 174
American Genetic
Association, 16
Angell, Norman, The Great
Illusion, 3–4
anthroposophy, 126
Antwerp, German
takeover of, 80
Aragorn, 151, 171–172, 195
Aravis, 154–155, 175
Armenians, deaths, 106–107, 216n7
armies, 23
Armistice Day, 107
Arras, Battle of, 96
artillery, 64
Askins, John, 111, 115–116
Aslan, 10, 21, 139, 147, 148, 153, 154–155, 189–190, 194
Asquith, Herbert Henry, 33
atheism
communism and, 112–113
Lewis and, 87–88, 110
Lewis’s shift from, 128–129
Mussolini and, 114
war reinforcement in
Lewis, 93
Auden, W.H., Tolkien letter
to, 74–75
Austro-Hungarian Empire, collapse, 123
Ayres, Harry, 99
Baggins, Bilbo, 6–7, 22, 135, 145
Baggins, Frodo, 145–147, 150–151, 152
anguish after leaving
Shire, 65
vs. Aragorn, 171–172
defeat, 189
determination to travel
alone, 177
as foot soldier, 52
friendship and, 177–178, 181
resigned to final defeat, 188
reunion with Bilbo, 22
and Ring, 155–156, 160
Baker, Leo, 128
Balrog, 151
Barfield, Owen, 126–127
Barnsley, Thomas Kenneth
“Tea Cake,” 72
Barth, Karl, Epistle to the
Romans, 124
Batten, Samuel Zane, 39
Beeching, H.C., 43
Beowulf, xvii, 72–73, 223n81
Beregond (soldier in
Gondor’s army), 65
Bloomsbury Group, 125, 219n75
The Book of Lost Tales,
121–122. See also The
Silmarillion
books published after
WWI, 108
Boromir, 156
Bradley, Henry, 109
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 94
Britain
in 1890s, 4–5
Bryce Commission, 42
casualties, 123
declaration of war, 79
as nation chosen by
God, 36
public school system, 30
role in defending
Western ideals, 32–33
technological advances, 5–6
British Expeditionary Force
(BEF), 58
casualties, ix
as citizen soldiers, 75
resolve and discipline
in, 70
Britain, Vera, 10
Bull, Paul, 47
Burleigh, Michael, Earthly
Powers, 34, 40
Cain and Abel, 164
Cairns, David, 45
Carpenter, Humphey, 6, 118
casualties of WWI, ix, 106
catastrophe, overcoming, 189–191
cemeteries, in Europe, 107
chaplains, 48
Cherry, Conrad, God’s New
Israel, 38
choices, 151–152, 182
Christian nationalism, 34
Christianity, 12, 115
Lewis and Tolkien
discussion on, 132–133
as mythology, 14, 88–89
rejection in 1920s and
‘30s, 125
writers as Lewis’s
friends, 134
The Chronicles of Narnia, xii, 21, 136, 139, 143, 147–148, 170–171
friendship in, 174, 175
popularity, 144
role for animals, 9
chronological snobbery, 127
Church of England, 16, 35
churches
alliance with state, 34
eugenics sermon
contest by, 19
and fascism, 114
Churchill, Winston, 61, 63, 95, 100, 192
on battles, xiii
in House of Commons, 1
on Treaty of Versailles, 104
view of warfare, 1–2
The World Crisis, 76
in World War I, xi
Cirith Ungol, 152–153
city on a hill, America as, 37–39
civilization, threat to, 108
civilizational confidence, 115
clergy, messages against
Germany, 43
combat zone, clergy and, 48–49
communications, on
British line, 66–67
communism, 158
atheism and, 112–113
confidence, in human
progress, 2–3
conflict, Tolkien and Lewis
ambivalence toward, 50
conscription, 58, 81
Cooke, Richard, 44
courage, 74–77, 156
Crafer, T.W., 37
Crystal Palace, 5
cultural renewal,
expectation of, 45
cynicism, 117
The Dark Knight Rises, 188
Darrow, Clarence, 162–163
Darwin, Charles, 12
Darwin, Leonard, 17
Day, James, 44
“De Profundis” (Lewis), 93
Dearmer, Percy, 44
death
Lewis on, 110, 111
Phantastes and, 82
“Death in Battle,” 122
defeat, possibility of, 182
democratic capitalism, 113
destiny, and free will, 150–155
Devine, Dick, 149
dignity of human life, 138
disillusionment, 105–107, 117
after WWI, 107–111
with West, 115
Divine Providence, 38
Dix, Otto, 145
doubt, 126
duty, 30
Dyson, Hugo, 130
Edward VII (King of
England), 208n7
Eksteins, Modris, 115
Eliot, T.S., 124–125, 193
Elrond, 50, 151, 177
empires, collapse, 123
Engall, J., 32
Ents (humanoid trees), 9, 10
environment, judgment
against man’s assault, 10
Éomer, 164
Éowyn, 187
epic hero, xvi
escapism, accusations of, xv
eucatastrophe, 189, 190
eugenics, 15–19, 158
Eugenics Education
Society, 16
Europe
loss of moral norms, 124
response to Wilson’s
leadership, 103–104
Evers, Mervyn, 71
evil, 145, 149–150, 158, 190
humanity’s struggle
with, 41, 187
power of, 148, 159, 188
Ezra, 192
fairy tales, MacDonald
objectives in using, 83
faith
crisis of, 115–117
in trenches, 47–49
World War I and, xviii
“The Fall of Gondolin,” 166
Fall of Man, 7, 21, 150
fantasy, realism of, 165–170
Faramir (Captain of
Gondor), xix, 187–188, 204n30
fascism, 113–114, 158
The Fellowship of the Ring, 50, 155
Lewis review of, 143
relationships in, 176–178
Ferguson, Niall, 5, 22, 32–33, 84
Ferry, Abel, 58
First World War. See Great
War
Flieger, Verlyn, 171
Forster, L.W., 74
France, combat losses, ix
Francis, Ernest, 53–54
free will, and destiny, 150–155
freedom, threat to, 158
“French Nocturne” (poem), 92–93
Freud, Sigmund, 115, 116
friendship, gift of, 174–181
Frodo. See Baggins, Frodo
Fussell, Paul, 123
Galadriel, xv, 151
Galton, Francis, 15
Gamble, Richard, 25
The War for
Righteousness, 45, 46
Gamgee, Sam, xix, 73–74, 75, 147, 151, 152, 177
Gandalf, 18, 51, 77, 139, 145–146, 150–151, 182
on being chosen, 154
on march against
Sauron, 9
Garth, John, 30, 170
Tolkien and the Great
War, 66
George, Lloyd, 95
Germany
Allied blockade of, 106
chemical weapons
use, 42
combat losses, ix
empire collapse, 123
as evil, 41–44
mortality rate in 30
Years War, 28
political claims, and
Divine Will, 39–41
Protestant clergy
support of, 35
Western Front
offensive, 1918, 94–97
Gibbs, Philip, 67, 76, 137
Gilbert, George Holley, 43–44
Gilbert, Martin, 23, 62, 65, 74
Gilson, Rob, 58–59
death in battle, 63
Tolkien learning of
death, 68–69
Gimli, 151, 177
Gladden, Washington, 15
Glorious Revolution
(1689), 36
God
case against, 86–89
and country, 36–37
Freud and, 116
Germany as chosen by, 39–41
mastery of nature
without, 11–15
obscenity of belief in, 125
in Tolkien’s writings, 51
Gollum, 74, 152, 189
good and evil, psychology
of, 162–165
Grace, 189, 190
Graves, Robert, 49
Goodbye to All That, 120
The Great Divorce, 133
Great War, 10
vs. all ancient wars, 192
and battles in Prince
Caspian, 169–170
and democratic
capitalism weakness, 113
despair and disbelief
from, 142
destructiveness of, 106
end of, 103
and free will, 155
as holy war, 44–47
impact, xviii–xix
impact on Tolkien and
Lewis, 144–145
last soldier to die, 185
sea battle in North
Sea, 53
spiritual consequences
of, xiv
start, 23
technology, 64
Tolkien’s work as
response to, 118–119
views on war effort, 169–170
Green, Roger, 83
Greeves, Arthur, 84, 88, 93, 130, 133
Grey, Edward, 26
grief, 187
after WWI, 107–111
and joy, 191–192
Gunther, Henry, 185
Haig, Douglas, 49, 97
Halfelven, Elrond, 181
Hancock, John, God’s
Dealings with the British
Empire, 36
Hanson, Victor Davis, xvii
Hardman, Donald, 85
Hardy, Theodore, 48
Hardy, Thomas, 165, 185–186
Hastings, Max, 11, 60
hedonism, 116
helplessness, after WWI, 107–111
Hemingway, Ernest, 117
heroism, modern views, 188
The Hobbit, xi, 75
hobbits, 6–7. See also
Baggins, Frodo
Hobson, J.A., Imperialism, 35
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 13, 19
Holy Spirit, vs. Volksgeist, 40
Homer, The Iliad, Lewis
reading of, 80–81
honor, in The Lord of the
Rings, 119
Hooper, Walter, 83, 134, 187
hope, 105
loss of, 186–189
and tragedy, 143
The Horse and His Boy, 154–155, 175
warfare in, 168
Hubbard, Elbert, 41
human dignity, 100
humanity
confidence in progress, 2–3
eugenicists
commitment to
improving, 20
and nature, 9
truths about condition, 143–144
humility, xix
Huxley, Aldous, xi
imagination, 128, 138–139
individual responsibility, eroding, 162–163
Industrial Revolution, 3
industrialization, Lewis’
views on, 8
Inklings, 134, 179, 224n111
innocence, loss of, 123
Innocent X (pope), 28
intellectual debate, 126–127
International Eugenics
Congress, 17
international harmony, 4
inventions, in early 20th
century, 11
Italy, fascism in, 113–114
Jacobs, Alan, 174
Jadis (Wicked Queen of
Charn), 22, 147–148
Jenkins, Philip, 41
The Great and Holy
War, 29
Jesus, Lewis views on, 131
Johnson, Laurence
Bertrand, 91, 97–98
Johnson, Paul, x–xi, 114, 163
joy, and grief, 191–192
Jünger, Ernst, Storm of
Steel, 145
justifying war, 29
Jutland, Battle of, 53, 55
Kant, Immanuel, 4
Keegan, John, xii, 23, 59, 63
The Face of Battle, 57, 75–76
Kent, Susan Kingsley, 112
King Caspian, 8
King, coming of, 193–196
Kirkpatrick, William
Thompson, 79, 87–88, 110
Kitchener, Lord (Secretary
for War), 57
Lancashire Fusiliers, 72
The Last Battle, 186–187, 193
grace in, 190
Legolas, 151
Lenin, Vladimir, 113
Lewis, Albert, 96
Lewis, C.S. (Clive Staples),
29–30. See also titles of
works
as advocate for Tolkien, 179–180
after WWI, 109–110
battle deaths of friends, 99
birth, 7–8
books influencing, xv, 82
in British Expeditionary
Force, xiii–xiv, 89
and choices, 153
and Christianity, xiv, 132–133, 134
critics of, 172
deployment for France, 91–94
enlisting decision, 85
expectation of return to
battle, 217n20
focus on academic
career, 81
friendships of, 175–176
Great War impact on
spiritual quest, xii–xiii
hope for end to war, 84
on human story, xviii
influence on Tolkien, 135
injury, 99
late-night debate with
Tolkien, 129
“Learning in War
Time,” xvi
letter to father, 1914, 79
Narnia stories planned
for children, 167–168
perspective on world, xvi
postwar competing
philosophies, 126
and qualities of Jesus, 194–195
rejection of martial
culture of Malvern
College, 30
relationship with
Moore, 95–96
stories from war front, 41–42
Tolkien’s role in
conversion, 179
understanding of evil, 147
view on war, 31–32, 47
views on myths, 130–131
war impact, 50, 100–
101, 144–145, 173
war writings, 122–126
Lewis, Warren, 81, 83
The Lion, the Witch, and
the Wardrobe, 22, 51
grace in, 189–190
Peter’s combat
experience, 168
Lipmann, Walter, xiv
Loconte, Michele, xi, 95, 199–200
London, German zeppelin
attack, 84
“The Lonely Isle,” 56
The Lord of the Rings, xii, 139, 154, 195
battle scenes, 60
enemies of nature in, 7
historical setting for, 121
hobbits description, 63
Lewis’s support for, 136–137
on moral
responsibility, 150–151
popularity, 144
prospects of final
victory, xv
realism of, 187
scenes of parting, 56–57
slavery in, 17
victories without loss, 167
Lyndsay, David, 145
MacDonald, George, 102
Phantastes, 82–83, 194
Macmillan, Harold, 49–50
MacMillan, Margaret, 104
The Magician’s Nephew, 148, 153–154
Maleldil, 149
Matthews, W.R., 116
McArthur, Kenneth, 19
McFadzean, William, 86–87
McGrath, Alister, 9, 93
McKim, Randolph, 39
medieval literature, motifs
and ideals in, 170
memorials, in Europe, 107
Mere Christianity, 133
Merry, 69, 151, 167, 177, 182
Meyer, F.B., Religion and
Race-Regeneration, 17
Meyer, G.J., 64
A World Undone, 186
Middle-earth, 6–7, 121–122, 164
battles for, 9
evil in, 148
mental outlook, 163–164
militarism, rejection by
Tolkien and Lewis, 173
military planning, prior to
WWI, 22
military recruitment, 57, 79–80
Military Service Act
(Britain), 58
military training, Lewis
on, 91
Miraz, 10
modernization, as threat to
human societies, 8–9
Monchy-Le-Preux, 92
Moore, Edward Francis
“Paddy,” 91, 95, 175
moral clarity, xviii
moral imagination, 138–139
moralistic idealism,
cynicism about, 172
Mordor, 7, 147, 164
Morgoth, 118
Morgul-knife, 156
Mott, John, 46
Murray, Gilbert,
The Ordeal of This
Generation, 115, 125
muscular Christianity, 30
Mussolini, Benito, 114
Myer, G.J., 142
myth
as fact, 129–133, 190
relationship to belief in
God, 130–133
Myth of Progress, 2, 13–14, 20, 24, 35
and Christianity, 14
result, 22
mythology
Christianity as, 88–89
Tolkien on England’s, 119
“Mythopoeia,” 18, 132
Narnia, 101, 147. See
also The Chronicles of
Narnia
battles for, 9
evil in, 148
mental outlook, 163–164
“national” churches, 34
National Institute for Co-ordinated Experiments
(N.I.C.E.), 110, 149, 161
National Peace Council
(Britain), 4
nationalism, 34
natural beauty, Lewis
belief in source, 101–102
natural selection, 12–13
Naumann, Gottfried, 40
Nazism, 158
neo-orthodoxy, 124
New English Dictionary, 109
Newman, George, 112
Newton, Joseph Fort, The
Sword of the Spirit, 46
Nietzshe, Friedrich, 125
Nikabrik, 157–158
No Man’s Land, 67, 70
vs. Pelennor Fields, 166–167
“Ode for New Year’s Eve,”
122–123
oppression, 17
Osborne, Roger, 6, 25
Ott, Nancy Marie, 73
Out of the Silent Planet, 134, 148–149
Overy, Richard, 108
Ovillers campaign, 66
Owen, Wilfred, 119–120, 182
Oxford University, Tolkien
and Lewis at, xiv
pacifism, xviii, 117
rejection by Tolkien
and Lewis, 173
paganism, 133
patriotism, 49, 57
Payton, Ralph Stuart, 72
Peace Yearbook (1914), 4
Pelennor Fields, vs. No
Man’s Land, 166–167
Peloponnesian War, 141–142
Perelandra, 18, 149
perpetual peace, 4
Perrett, Frank Winter, 96
perseverance, 156
personal moral guilt, 162
Pevensie children, 147
Phantastes (MacDonald), 82–83, 102, 194
Pico della Mirandola,
Giovanni, Oration on the
Dignity of Man, 2
The Pilgrim’s Regress
(Lewis), 220n101
Pippin, xix, 151, 167, 177
Plowden-Wardlaw, James, 43
Plowman, Max, 93
Poggin, 190
pride, 160
Prince Caspian, 10, 157–158, 169
progress, 8, 25
loss of, 123
Protestant Reformation,
sectarian violence from, 27–28
Providence, 36
psychoanalysis, 116
Puddleglum, 174–175
Queen Mary (battle cruiser), 53–54
racial purity, 16
Railton, David, 48
Ransom, Elwin, 149
realism of fantasy, 165–170
Reepicheep, 50–51, 169, 171
refugees, in WWI, 165–166
Regina Trench, British
attack on, 69–71
religion
abuse for perverse
ends, 150
academic view, 131
and eugenics, 16–17
political/military
objectives and, 29, 33–35
vs. science, 14–15
Remarque, Erich, 193
All Quiet on the
Western Front, 107–108
resilience, of British
Expeditionary Force, 75
The Return of the King, 61, 166, 182
Riez du Vinage, 98–99, 168
Ring, 145–147
Council decision to
destroy, 156
destroying, 146–147
Frodo’s use of, 155–156
power of, 159, 160
as weapon, 21–22
Rivendell, 173
romantic myth, xv
Roonwit the Centaur, 187
Root, Elihu, 44
Rosebury, Brian, 167
Rosen, Christine, Preaching
Eugenics, 20
Rossi, Lee, 172
Russia, 94, 163
sacrifice, in The Lord of the
Rings, 119
Sale, Roger, xi, 144
Saruman the Wizard, 7, 157
Sassoon, Siegfried, 120, 193
Sauron, 7, 146
Sayer, George, 30, 83, 126
Schweitzer, Richard, The
Cross and the Trenches, 49
science
abuse of, 100
vs. religion, 14–15
science fiction, 134
The Screwtape Letters, 133, 161
Seige of Gondor, 73–74
Shasta, 154–155, 168, 175, 181
Sheffield, Gary, Forgotten
Victory, xii
shell shock, 115, 142
Shippey, Tom, 159
Shire, 6. See also Middle-earth
Siege of Gondor, 60
The Silmarillion, 118, 121
The Silver Chair, 171, 174, 194
slavery, 17, 146
Smaug, 166
Smith, G.B., 68, 71
Spring Harvest, 71–72
Smith, Geoffrey, 66
Smythe, Oswald, 80
social gospel, 45
soldiers, religious faith of, 210n69
Somerset Light Infantry, 96, 97
Somme, Battle of, xiii, 10, 61–63, 74
soul, 21, 145
The Space Trilogy, 143
Spacks, Patricia Meyer, xv, 182
Spanish influenza, (1918), 112, 114
Spellman, W.M., 24
Spencer, Herbert, 12–13, 20
Spengler, Oswald, 108
Spirits in Bondage (Lewis), 89, 122
spiritual crisis, in 1920s
and 1930s, xiv, 124
spirituality, 18
sportsmanship, 30
Spurr, John, 36
Stable, 190
Star Wars, 188
Steiner, Rudolf, 126
sterilization, 19
Stiles, Ezra, 38
Straik, Mr., 50–51
Studdert Kennedy, G.A., 43
Studdock, Mark and Jane, 149, 161
Sunday, Billy, 41
Superb (HSS), 55
Tarnas, Richard, The
Passion of the Western
Mind, 12
Tash, 190
Tea Club and Barrovian
Society (TCBS), 54–55
technology, 7, 23
That Hideous Strength
(Lewis), 100, 149, 158, 161
Théoden, 119
Thirty Years War, 27
Thomas, C.F., 39
Thucydides, 141
Tirian (king), 190
Tisroc, 163
Todman, Dan, The Great
War, 42
Tolkien, Christopher, 160
correspondence with
father, 182–183
Tolkien, J.R.R. (John
Ronald Reuel), 117–122.
See alsotitles of works
on “animal horror” of
war, 67–72
attachment to nature, 6
as battalion signals
officer, 63–64
in BEF, xiii, 29–30, 56, 65, 70
at college, 31
critics of, 172
discussion on
Christianity, 132–133
early writings, 1915–
1918, 60
eugenics as assault on
human dignity, 17
“The Fall of Gondolin,”
118
friendship with Lewis, 129, 179–180
Great War impact
on spiritual quest, xii–xiii
on myths, 131
perspective on world, xvi
praise of Lewis’s work, 134–135
religious framework
absent in writing, 164
resentment of
technology in rural
life, 6
respect for ordinary
soldier, xvi–xvii
view on war, 31–32, 47
war impact, 50, 108–
109, 144–145, 173
on waste of war, 121
writing of The Hobbit, 135
Tolkien, Michael, 160
tragedy, and hope, 143
Treaty of Versailles (1919), 104
Treaty of Westphalia
(1648), 28–29
Treebeard, 9
trees, spirits of, 10
trench fever
Lewis ill with, 93
Tolkien ill with, 71, 72
trenches, 59–61, 115, 142
bodies of dead soldiers, 67
casualties in, 85
faith in, 47–49
Lewis description, 92
Troeltsch, Ernst, 40
Trotsky, Leon, 113
Trufflehunter, 10
Tsarist Russia, collapse, 123
Tuchman, Barbara, xii
The Guns of August, 105
Turner, James, 14
Ulster Volunteer Force, 86–87
United States, clergy
against Germany, 43
University College, Oxford,
Lewis scholarship to, 89–90
Verdun, Battle of, 55–56
Victoria (Queen of
England), 208n7
violence, Tolkien coping
with, 118
Virgil, Aeneid, xv
Volksgeist, vs. Holy Spirit, 40
The Voyage of the Dawn
Treader (Lewis), 8
war
as cleansing, 45
cruelty and
senselessness of, 105
destructiveness of, 124
early 20th century view
of, 3–4
expectation of benefits
from, 47
Great War vs. ancient, 192
human costs of, 22–23
inspiration from, xiv
literature on, 105
machinery of, 21–25
as necessity, 168–169, 181
Tolkien on “animal
horror” of, 67–72
war novels, 120
War of the Ring, struggle
for freedom, 17
Wedgwood, C.V., 27
Wells, H.G., 4, 104
Wenzl, Josef, x
West Midlands, 6
Weston, Dr., 18, 149
White Witch, 161–162, 169, 189–190
Will to Power, 159
Wilson, Peter, The Thirty
Years War: Europe’s
Tragedy, 28
Wilson, Woodrow, 38–39, 95
Fourteen Points, 45–46, 103–104
Winnington-Ingram, Arthur, 29, 37, 57–58
Wiseman, Christopher, 54–55, 71
Woolf, Virginia, 125
World War I. See Great
War
World War II, 182
World’s Fair (London, 1851), 5
Wright, Joseph, Primer of
the Gothic Language, 31
Ypres, first Battle of, xi