Introduction

* They also raised questions about the role of the collector in selecting, editing, and presenting what is collected, leading to the accusation, specific to Kalevala, of ‘folklore or fakelore’; but that is a subject for a different discussion. When Tolkien was first reading Kalevala he and others took it at face value.

* See Kris Swank’s article ‘The Irish Otherworld Voyage of Roverandom’ in Tolkien Studies Volume XII, planned for publication in 2015.

Draft Plot Synopses

* Written in margin ‘alay his suspicion aroused by his sister’s death’.

Notes and Commentary

* A circumstance worth noting is that Kemenūme appears in very early notes on Qenya as a name for Russia. See also ‘Ilu’ below.

Tolkien, Kalevala, and ‘The Story of Kullervo’

* For a general discussion see Randel Helms, Tolkien and the Silmarils. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981; J.B. Hines, ‘What J.R.R. Tolkien Really Did With the Sampo’ Mythlore 22.4 (# 86) (200): 69–85; B. Knapp, ‘A Jungian Reading of the Kalevala 500–1300: Finnish Shamanism – the Patriarchal Senex Figure’ Part 1. Mythlore 8.3 (# 29) (1981): 25–28; Part 2 ‘The Archetypal Shaman/Hero’ Mythlore 8.4 (# 30) (1982), 33–36; Part 3 ‘The Anima Archetype’ Mythlore 9.1 (#31) (1982): 35–36; Part 4 ‘Conclusion’ Mythlore 9.2 (# 32) (1982): 38–41; Charles E. Noad, ‘On the Construction of “The Silmarillion”’, and Richard C. West, ‘Turin’s Ofermod’, in Tolkien’s Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth, ed. Verlyn Flieger and Carl Hostetter, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000; Tom Shippey, ‘Tolkien and the Appeal of the Pagan: Edda and Kalevala’, David Elton Gay, ‘J.R.R. Tolkien and the Kalevala’ and Richard C. West, ‘Setting the Rocket off in Story’ in Tolkien and the Invention of Myth, ed. Jane Chance. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004; Anne C. Petty, ‘Identifying England’s Lönnrot’ (Tolkien Studies I, 2004, 69–84).